What repeats, once you read the permits

Three patterns

Eight case files. The same three moves show up in Louisiana, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Texas and New Mexico. Each one is a disclosure gap a reporter can print.

Pattern one · the major-source line

Just under 100 tons

Title V kicks in at 100 tons a year of NOx. Permits are written to 96, 99, 99.21 — and they get there by excluding the hours the diesel actually runs in an emergency. A field for “distance to the major-source line” is cheap and newsworthy.

  1. 99.2
    Fairwater
    Mount Pleasant, Wisconsin · 0.79 tons under the 100-ton line
    cap
  2. 99.0
    Cumulus / Susquehanna
    Salem Township, Pennsylvania · 1.00 tons under the 100-ton line
    cap
  3. 96.8
    Hyperion
    Richland Parish, Louisiana · 3.17 tons under the 100-ton line
    cap
  4. 87.0
    Colossus
    Memphis (Boxtown), Tennessee · 13.0 tons under the 100-ton line
    cap
  5. 37.2
    Doña Ana County
    Santa Teresa, New Mexico · 62.8 tons under the 100-ton line
    cap

Pattern two · “backup”

Permitted 8,760 hours

A turbine called backup that is allowed to run every hour of the year is not backup. Abilene’s simple-cycle units were modified to 8,760 hours. xAI ran more units than it had permitted. The Ledger counts on-site combustion; this is why.

  1. 24/7
    Stargate Abilene
    Abilene, Texas · 10 turbines permitted 8,760 h/yr
    8,760 h
  2. 24/7
    Colossus
    Memphis (Boxtown), Tennessee · 15 permitted, 35 observed
    over permit
  3. 24/7
    Colossus 2 / Southaven
    Southaven, Mississippi · 41 permitted, 57 observed
    over permit

Pattern three · the meter

Claimed vs observed, 100× apart

Jupiter claimed 168,000 gallons a year and pumped more than 103 million in four months. Closed-loop fill at Abilene was reported as 1, 8 or 10 million gallons depending on who was asked. A closed loop stops the building drinking. It does not stop the well, and it does not stop the power plant.

  1. 613×
    Doña Ana County
    Claimed 0.17 M gal · observed 103 M gal
    103 M
  2. 80×
    Stargate Abilene
    Claimed 0.10 M gal · observed 8.00 M gal
    8.00 M
  3. 15×
    Hyperion
    Claimed 548 M gal · observed 8,395 M gal
    8,395 M

What this is not

This is not Climate Power’s Data Center Air Pollution Tracker. That product scores eight companies on grid carbon intensity. These are per-site criteria pollutants and per-site water, with the permit numbers next to the model.

Gigawatt Ledger · compiled from air and water permits, court records and company statements. Method.